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Non-Combatant Corps
The Non-Combatant Corps (NCC) was a corps of the British Army composed of conscientious objectors as privates, with NCOs and officers seconded from other corps or regiments. Its members fulfilled various non-combatant roles in the army during the First World War, the Second World War and the period of conscription after the Second World War.〔Felicity Goodall, ''A Question of Conscience: Conscientious Objection in the Two World Wars'' (Stroud UK, 1997)〕〔Denis Hayes, ''Challenge of Conscience'', Allen & Unwin (London UK, 1949)〕
==First World War==
The Non-Combatant Corps was first established by Royal Warrant during March 1916 as a result of the Military Service Act 1916, which introduced conscription in Britain for the first time. The British Army, which had no precedents or guidelines for conscription, formed the corps to provide a military unit for a category of conscientious objectors who had been conscripted, but guaranteed non-combatant duties only.〔BBC News, (''Conscientious objectors in prison'' ) dated 4 November 2009〕 It was commanded by regular army officers and NCOs, and its members wore army uniform and were subject to army discipline, but did not carry weapons or participate in battle.〔''Hansard'', House of Commons debate 13 August 1919, (Volume 119, (cc1292-3 ))〕 Their duties were mainly to provide physical labour (building, cleaning, loading and unloading anything except munitions〔''Hansard'', House of Commons debate 6 March 1918, (Volume 103, (cc1958-9 ))〕) for the rest of the army, both in the British Isles and overseas. Conscientious objectors directed to the NCC but who refused to serve were court martialled and imprisoned. Approximately 3,400 registered conscientious objectors accepted call-up into the NCC.
In a House of Commons debate on 13 August 1919, Winston Churchill, Secretary of State for War, stated that with respect to the Army, the members of the NCC "must be regarded as soldiers, and not as conscientious objectors", as it was "entirely composed of men whose conscience permits them to serve as British soldiers, though it does not permit them to take human life".〔 The NCC received lesser pay than most other soldiers and were generally held in low esteem by British society.〔Michael Snape, ''God and the British Soldier: Religion and the British Army in the First and Second World Wars'' (Routledge, 7 May 2007), 193.〕〔Jeremy Paxman, ''Great Britain's Great War'' (Penguin UK, 3 Oct 2013).〕 The Corps was disparagingly referred to as the 'No-Courage Corps' by some sections of the British press,〔 and as the 'Pick and Shovel Brigade' by ''The Times'' newspaper.〔Ann Kramer, ''Conscientious Objectors of the First World War: A Determined Resistance'' (Pen and Sword, 30 Nov 2014), 74-77.〕 The NCC's establishment was opposed by the pacifist No-Conscription Fellowship.〔 The Corps was discriminated against when its members were refused the January 1919 army pay increase, and they were denied any final gratuity. The NCC was demobilised more slowly than combatants and it was not finally disbanded until January 1920.〔Alan Wilkinson, ''The Church of England and the First World War'' (Lutterworth Press, 30 Jan 2014), 49.〕
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